Grammar Focus: Gerund

GERUND

Catatan binderku

 Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk -ing  (Verb-ing) yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun) dimana gerund bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya (sebagai adjective) dan membentuk kata majemuk/compound words
Fungsi

1. Sebagai Subjek

       Contoh

• Cooking takes a lot of time.
• Swiming makes us healthy.
• Cycling is not an easy way to learn.
• Being beautiful makes her a little bit arrogant.

  2. Sebagai Objek

       a.  Mengikuti kata kerja

            contoh:

• When I was kid, I couldn't do the spelling. 
• Rangga enjoys reading horror novels.
• They don't mind opening the door.
• My mother does not like my seeing him too often.

Perhatikan beberapa kata kerja berikut yang harus diikuti oleh V-ing (gerund):

admid (mengakui)

appreciate (menghargai)

avoid (menghindari)

anticipate (mengatasi)

deny (menolak)

delay (menunda)

detest (membenci)

enjoy (menikmati)

excuse (menolak)

finish (menyelesaikan)
funcy (menyukai)
forgive (memaafkan)
keep (menjaga/melanjutkan)
mind (keberatan)
practice (berlatih)
postpone (menunda)
prevent (mencegah)
resist (menahan)
risk (mengambil resiko)
understand (mengerti/memahami)

 Verb berikut ini bisa diikuti Gerund dan To Infinitive.  langsung saja dilihat dan dipahami ya!
advise (menasehati)
allow (mengijinkan)
continue (melanjutkan)
dislike (tidak suka)
forget (lupa)
hate (benci)
intend (bermaksut)
like (suka)
love (suka)

Penjelasan:
1.   a.  advise/allow/permit + gerund
           >  My teacher advises taking extra course at home.
      b.  advise/allow/permit + objek + To V-1
           >  My teacher advises me to take extra course at home.

2.   a.  forget/remember/reger +To V-1 = kegiatan akan datang                    (kegiatan yang dimaksut belum dilakukan)
            >  He forgets calling me at the mid of that night.
             (he called me one day but he does not remember that event)
       b.  forget/remember/regert + To V-1 = kegiatan akan datang.                (kegiatan yang dimaksut belum dilakukan)
            >  He forget to call me
             (He forgets that he has to call me)

3.    a.  Like/love/dislike/hate + Gerund = berhubungan dengan.                    (menyatakan hobi atau kegiatan yang sering dilakukan)
            >  I Really like surfing. (My hobby is surfing)
        b.  like/love/dislike/hate + To V-1 = terjadi hanya saat tertentu.              dan ingin segera dilakukan.
             >  It is very hot today. I really like to swim. (I want to swim.                  now as the day is so hot)

4.     a.  stop + Gerund = stop something 
             (menghentikan kegiatan pada gerund)
              >  We had to stop reading when the electricity suddenly                         went out. (Because it was dark. We could not read)
         b.  stop + To V-1 = stop something in order to do something                   else (menghentikan kegiatan lain untuk mengerjakan                         pekerjaan pada to V-1)
               >  after typing for more than two hours, we need to stop to                     eat something (we stop typing in order to eat)

5.      a. Person + need/require + To V-1 = active meaning (the                      person needs to do something)
              >  My sister needs to clean her room.
          b.  Non person + need/require + Gerund = Non person.                            need/require + to be V-3(passive meaning)
               >  My sister's room needs cleaning = My sister's room                          needs to be cleaned.

   b. Mengikuti preposisi (kata depan)
    Preposisi:
    about, at, after, before, front, for, in, on, of, off, under, up,                   through,to, witchout, etc

  Note: Preposisi yang sulit dikenali adalah to karena to bisa sebagai preposisi bisa juga sebagai pembentuk to infinitife, untuk mempermudah dalam membedakan kita perlu mengenali kata kerja apa saja yang biasanya diikuti oleh to sebagai preposisi yang nantinya harus diikuti oleh Gerund:

• To be (get) used to
• To be (get) accustomed to
• Object to
• Look forward to
• Listen to
• Confess to

Contoh:

• Iam used to living alone dormitory. Bedakan dengan:
• I used to live alone in the dormitory. 
• I look forward to seeing you again.

3. Sebagai komplemen (pelengkap)

           Kita perlu memahami perbedaan antara objek dan komplemen(pelengkap) mengingat objek dan komplemen menempati posisi yang sama yaitu setelah predikat. Perbedaan mendasar dari objek dan komplemen adalah bahwa: objek bisa dijadikan subjek apabila kalimat tersebut diubah menjadi kalimat pasif sementara komplemen tidak bisa.

          Gerund adalah komplemen yang letaknya sering mengikuti to be: am/is/are/was/were/been/being/be.

Contoh:

• My hobby is writing  poetry
• Has favorite sport is surfing and diving

4.  Sebagai penjelas kata benda (membentuk kata majemuk)

Contoh:

• The waiting room is so hot without air conditioner.
• My father is now cleaning the swimming pool
• My grand father needs a walking stick to walk.

5.  Untuk Menyatakan Larangan

Contoh: 

• No smoking
• No littering
• No parking

NARRATIVE(It is about time to tell a strory...)

EXPRESSING SADNESS AND SYMPATHY

  
    In this section of speaking, you will have to be able to express your sadnes and sympathy as well as understanding people's expressions on the cases. Sadnes is used when you have something bad happening to you, like having bad marks on a test, losing something or even losing someone.
   While sympathy expression is used when you notice or are told about bad news such as someone's failure, unlucky experience or even death

Here are some expressions you can use to express yourself on:

Sadness:

• I Have just lost my pocketvmoney this morning.
• I can't believe that my cat died so soon
• My brother is being hospitalized
• Etc

Sympathy

• Iam sorry to hear that
• Please,  be strong, we are here to help you
• Iam so sad to know it.
• What terrible news!
• Dont worry much about it; we will try again
• Etc

SEQUENCE OF MODIFIER 

Modifier 
       Kata sifat. (adj) atau kata keterangan (adv) yang digunakan              untuk mendeskripsikan kata benda (Noun)

       Pattern: Determiner + Adverb/objektif + main word

 Sequence Of Modifier
       Sequence Of Modifier dibagi menjadi 12: 

1. Determiner
2. Original Number
3. Cardinal Number
4. Adverb
5. Opini
6. Ukuran
7. Usia
8. Bentuk
9. Warna
10. Asal
11. Bahan
12. Tujuan

Examples :

1. Determiner: a, on, the, this, my, his, her, her, some, many. Etc
2. Original number: Firs, second, third. Etc
3. Cardinal Number: One, Two, Three, Etc
4. Adverb: Very, Father, So, Really, Obviously. Etc
5. Opini: Beautiful,  Handsome, Intereting, Fun. Etc
6. Ukuran: Small, Big, Tall, Fat, Short. Etc
7. Usia: Old, New, Traditional, Modern. Etc
8. Bentuk: Round, Square, Triangle. Etc
9. Warna: White, black, krange. Etc
10. Asal: Indonesia, Javanese, European. Etc
11. Bahan: Plastic, leather, wooden, silk, woll. Etc
12. Tujuan: writing, reading, adventure, sport. Etc

NARRATIVE

Narrative text is a text telling about a conflicting story ended with a resolution os the conflict.

Sosial Function

To amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicavious experience in different ways; narrative deal with problematic event which lead to a conflict or turning point of some kinf in turn finds resolutions.

The generic structures of Narrative text are:

1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Conflicts/complications/crisis
4. Resolution
5. Coda

Kind of Narrative Texts:

1. Fable
2. Fairy tails(Cinderella)
3. Historical Story
4. Folktales
5. Novels
6. Film
7. Drama, Etc

Note: Materi kelas 11 semester 1. Dicatat yaa kawan bahasa inggris itu penting looh.. Semangaat catat nya :-D 

A. QUESTION TAGS

Question Tag 

• Pattern
• Definition
• Kind of Auxiliary

1.1 Question Tag
(kalimat dengan unsur penegasan)

1.2 Pattern: S+Aux+o+Aux+S

1.3 Kind Of Auxiliary

1. Tobe              : Are, am, is
2. V1                  : do
3. V1 + s/es        : does
4. V2.                : did
5. Have.             : do
6. Has.               : does
7. Had                : did
8. Have/has+V3  : Have/has
9.  Do/does         : Do/does
10.  Have to          : do
11. Has to            : does
12. Modal.            :  will(Would), can(could), may(might)

Examples:

1.  She is beautiful 
2. They play football
3. She brings a book
4. He saw a ghost
5. I have a cut cat
6. She has a beautiful flowers
7. You had many pets
8. We haven't met before
9. You did a great job
10. I have to go now
11. He has to cook the meal
12. They will not visit us

Hati-hati

a. Penggunaan to be "am"

• I am beautiful,  arent i?
• I am not ugly, am i?

b. Kalimat perintah

• Don't touch me, will you?
• Let me go, will you?

c. Kalimat ajakan

• Let's go shopping, shall we?

d. Kata kata bermakna negatif

• Never
• Seldom
• Rarely
• Barely
• Rushly
• Hardly

e. Someone/somebody

• Everyone = they
• Anyone.   = they
• Noone.     = they

       Examples > Everyone in this dass brings mobile phone, don't                              they?